The Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment - 1549 Words

Global warming is an increasing in average global temperatures across the planet. This is due to the rising temperatures on the continent. Temperatures continue to rise yearly causing global warming. The greenhouse effect is sun light radiation being driven back to the earth. When solar energy is released into the atmosphere, there is an effect of bouncing back. Solar radiation is bounced back into the atmosphere causing the temperature of the earth to remain steady. However, over time greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have caused the bounce back solar radiation to have a double back. This is when the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause the solar radiation to bounce back to the earth forcing the temperature to rise and remain higher than normal. This in effect causes global warming to occur. The atmospheric temperatures rise because the solar radiation is not escaping the atmosphere like it is designed to do. The two work hand in hand. Atmospheric temperatures are being pushed to higher levels because greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are at an all-time high. The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause the solar radiation to push back to the earth, in return raising the overall atmospheric temperature of the earth. There are several different types of gases in the atmosphere that cause solar radiation to bounce back to the earth keeping it trapped in the atmosphere. These gases are vital to the earth because if there were no gases the earth would freeze. The overallShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Global Environment1144 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming has emerged as one of the most serious concerns for scientists and environmentalists in the 21st century. This is based on the negative impact of global warming, which is not limited to deforestation, drastic variations in climate, decline in output of global agricultural industry, degradation of ice sheets in Antarctic, decrease in ocean productivity, rise in sea levels, and incre ase in tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. The primary reason for global warming has been identified asRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Global Warming Introduction Global warming has been discussion for many years, but has, in the last decade or two been at the forefront of attention. The enormous effects and potential risks on humanity that can result from rise in global temperatures and the environment must be addressed, because the earth after all is finite. â€Å"Globalization refers to the rise of average temperature of oceans and earth’s atmosphere. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the earth’s average surfaceRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment1224 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming continues to be a huge concern affecting the environment, people and the world. If action to stop this phenomenon is not taken immediately by the global community, the consequences will certainly be catastrophic. Already, some of the consequences of global warming are being felt globally. The frequency and intensity of tropical storms has increased as a result of global warming. Global temperatures continue to rise at rapid and unprecedented rates. According to scientific researchRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On The Environment1311 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Global warming refers to an incremental in earth’s temperature. Some believes this is occurring naturally but the prevailing view attributes climate change to the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect refers to the warming resulting from certain gases such as carbon dioxide in Earth s atmosphere trapping heat. These gases traps heat but let light in, similarly to the glass walls of a greenhouse. The general belief is that mankind are chiefly responsible for global warming becauseRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Environment Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesSome people say global warming is caused by human activity, others say global warming doesn’t even exist. Some people claim that the climate is changing for the worse. They believe that humans are the primary cause of these changes, especially the increase in temperature, caused by the burning of fossil fuels. They believe that the temperature changes are causing glaciers to melt. They claim that the melting of ice masses leads to a higher sea level and worsening conditions for Arctic animals, asRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment1175 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth s surface.† Effects of human influence on the environment has long been a cause of concern regarding the disturbance of the â€Å"natural order.† Although a cycle which results in the periodic increase and decrease of the average global temperature has long been known to exist, due to new data suggesting the substantial and relatively r ecentRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment1453 Words   |  6 PagesHuman impact such as industrialization, livestock farming and the increase in recent population have all caused serious environmental impacts that have let to dramatic global climate change. â€Å"Scientists generally agree that the globe has warmed over the past 40 years, due largely to human activities that raise carbon-dioxide levels in the atmosphere† (Clemet). Greenhouse gasses have always existed, but not to the extent that they do in today’s world; they are causing a dramatic change in climateRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Environment928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Global Warming†-The Biggest Scam of Modern Times Global warming is the steady increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. There are two sides of this story. Some people believe that global warming is caused by the natural components in the environment and not man-made production of carbon dioxide, while the others believe that it is caused by man-made production of carbon dioxide and not by natural components in the environment. Global warming is due to the increased level in temperatureRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Environment999 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Global Warming†-TheBiggest Scam of Modern Times Global warming is the steady increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. There are two sides of this story. Some people believe that global warming is caused by natural components in the environment and not man-made production of carbon dioxide, while the others believe that it is caused by man-made production of carbon dioxide and not by natural components in the environment. Global warming is due to the increased level in temperature ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Environment767 Words   |  4 PagesHow does the daily action of driving a car contribute to global warming pollution and other air pollutions? Economic growth has triggered an explosion in the automobile industry, but along with that expansion comes consequence. The motor vehicle business has increased air pollution, causing acid rain, and has also contributed to global warming. Global warming is the process of the earth heating up due to increased levels of gases such as carbon dioxide , on the the leading emissions from cars. Most

The Effects Of Emotional Abuse On The Lives Of People...

An abusive relationship can take a toll on one’s life and the lives of people around them. In romantic relationships, abuse can range from anything physical to emotional. Physical abuse in romantic relationships is a form of domestic violence, which is all too common in American families. â€Å"Intimate partner violence is one of the most common causes of injury in women. In several large studies in US accident and emergency departments, 11-30% of injured women whose mechanisms of injury and relationship to the perpetrator had been recorded had been battered† (Campbell, 2002, p. 1331). In almost 20 percent of all marriages, couples slap, shove, hit, or otherwise assault each other† (Domestic Violence, n.d.). Emotional abuse is even more common and includes, but is not limited to â€Å"verbal threats, humiliating or degrading remarks, and controlling behavior† (Domestic Violence, n.d.). For people who are involved in an abusive romantic relationship, m any aspects of their lives are negatively impacted such as their health, relationships with family and friends, workplace success, and their academics. A few physiological and psychological consequences from intimate partner abuse include stress, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and eating disorders. There is a correlation with social support in regards to the level of consequences a person deals with. Findings have shown that the more prominent your social support is, the lower your consequence levels will be. InShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesvarieties of beliefs and values. The law is around to keep individuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse , but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuserRead MoreEssay on Abuse in Teen Relationships949 Words   |  4 PagesAbuse in Teen relationships Violence and abuse in Teenage dating has become a real serious issue in American society, much research has been provided showing evidence that violence and abuse during adolescent and teen years can have a great deal of effects on the mental health of individuals and is major contributing factor to domestic violence later in adulthood. Current research also reveals that a large percentage of teenagers are experiencing some amounts of physical, sexual, and even emotional/mentalRead MoreWhat is Emotional Abuse?1154 Words   |  5 PagesEmotional abuse refers to a pattern of behavior of the caregivers or parents, which interferes the cognitive, psychological, emotional as well as social development of the child in a serious or severe manner. Emotional child abuse therefore refers to a persistent and severe ill handling or treatment of the child by the caregiver or parent. Emotional abuse may be the only form of mental challenger the child is suffering from or it may be a combination o f many other effects or child neglect. This mayRead MoreLooking at Types of Child Abuse1768 Words   |  7 Pagesin their childhood, without worrying about any problems going on in the world or in his/her parents lives. Child abuse has been happening worldwide for many years and still is. For this reason, the desire to prevent this issue can be realized through the aid of organizations such as CAPA (Child Abuse Prevention Association) as well as through the awareness of the education system. What most people realize, is that this issue has been kept hidden from the government as well as from the public. OneRead MoreAlcoholic Parents Affect the Life and Development of a Child1089 Words   |  4 Pagesdisrupts the unity of a family, logically the child suffers. Alcohol has taken a toll on individuals all around the world. Unfortunately, alcohol has also become dangerously exposed to a multitude of families. Parents who are addicted to alcohol form a broken home for their children . This causes everything to function abnormally. A child ends up growing without parents who love and care for them. Alcoholic parents affect the life and development of a child. Alcohol forms an unrealistic idea ofRead MoreThe Act Of Child Abuse Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society, child abuse is widespread and has an affect on everyone who comes across it. The act of child abuse happens everyday to a variety of kids who are typically younger and scared to tell anyone. All children are born with the right to be able to develop, grow, live and love according to their needs and feelings. For a child s development they need protection and reassurance from adults who love them and help them acquire the skills to be a successful adult. However, some childrenRead MoreDomestic Violence is a Global Issue1347 Words   |  5 PagesViolence (DV) is a critical social issue that negatively impacts not only our own culture in America but as well as all other cultures a round the world. Domestic Violence is a global issue reaching across national boundaries as well as socio-economic, cultural, racial and class distinctions (Kaur Garg 2008). Domestic Violence is a serious problem that can be seen around every society from families of both developed and underdeveloped countries and of different backgrounds. Although there are variousRead MoreThe Impact Of Sexual Child Abuse On America1517 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Child Abuse in America Child abuse has been going on for many years. There are many forms of child abuse, however, there is one that is far worse than the rest; sexual abuse. Children has a natural instinct to trust too easily and believe what people tell them, especially if they know those people. Statistics show very high figures of sexual child abuse in America. When children undergo sexual abuse, it impacts their whole being. There are physical, emotional, and psychologic effects that couldRead MorePsychological Aspects Of Sexually Abused Women And The Trauma Recovery And Empowerment1593 Words   |  7 Pagestrauma recovery and empowerment. Sexual abuse can be well defined as sexual assaults and sexual exploitation of the individual, which include the following: Rape, Incest, Molestation and Voyeurism. An assortment of 15 empirical studies will compare and contrast their findings of psychological sexual abuse and trauma recovery. Individuals that are victims of sexual abuse can undergo many issues fo r the victim to inflict upon. Despite the fact that sexual abuse does mark males, women are at a higherRead MoreViolence And Abuse Of The United States913 Words   |  4 PagesUnfortunately violence and abuse are very common in the United States. They can be expressed in many ways such as physical, emotional, mental, sexual, financial, and even spiritual abuse. The victim can suffer major health and mental problems caused by the mistreatment. Not only does it affect those involved, but also those who witness the violence. It is a very difficult cycle to break, as the abuser tends to continuously abuse the victim, even when they claim that they have changed and will stop

plants Essay Example For Students

plants Essay : Plant are any number of the plant kingdom,with about 260,000known species of mosses, liver work, ferns, harbeceous and woody plants, bushes,vines, trees, and other forms that mantle the Earth and are also found in itswaters. Plants increase in size from small. Though the first plants appeared onland only about a half a billion years ago, today they account for by far thelargest proportion of the earths biomass. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-* Copyright DueNow.com Inc. *Category:MiscellaneousPaper Title:plantsText:WHAT PLANTS AREPlant are any number of the plant kingdom,with about 260,000 known species ofmosses, liver work, ferns, harbeceous and woody plants, bushes, vines, trees,and other forms that mantle the Earth and are also found in its waters. Plantsincrease in size from small. Though the first plants appeared on land only abouta half a billion years ago, today they account for by far the largest proportionof the earths biomass. Only a small amount of percentage of percentage of plant species are directlyused by humans for food, shelter, fiber, and drugs. The head of the list arerice, wheat, corn, cotton, conifers, and tobacco. on which alot of people dependon. DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLANTSScientist know that there are more than 250,000 different kinds of plants. Ifwe went around the world we would see alot of different kinds of plants. Thereare four different important groups of plants the group in which in which thesimplest plants are found includes one-celled bacteria, and fungi that are likethe molds that are often found seen growing on bread and cheese. In this samegroup are probably the longest which are called seaweed. These are calledthallophytes. Another group of relatively simple plants includes the mosses and livewortsthat are found in forest, on rocks and leaves, but they have no roots. They arecalled bryophytes. A third group of plants includes the ferns, quillworts , andclubmosses. They are periodphytes. Most of the plants we know belong to the group ofplants are called spermatophytes, or seed-bearing plants. That includes likegrass, vegetables, trees, shrubs, flowers and alot more. WHAT PLANTS NEED TO GROWPlants need their roots, leaves, and their stems. Thats what they need togrow straight and healthy. They also need their sunlight but others need little. Some need water and nutrients, others need moisture with minerals. Plants make their own food by sucking up all the water and traveling it upthrough the stem to the flower. Leaves make their own food under themselves. But the most plants depend on isthe sun. ROOTSThe roots purpose is to hold up the plant up and to absorb the water andminerals. Roots are found underground and grow down. They have no stems or leavesattached. The epidermis is just behind the growing tip of the root that is covered withroot hairs, which are the growth of the epidermal cells. The root hairs push outthe dirt around it and suck up the water and nutrients. Roots need xylem and plhoem, although many are highly modified to carry outdifferent kinds of functions. The roots are the most important food organs. Epiphytes have roots made for absorbing rain water that flows down the back ofthe plants. LEAVESThe leaf is the organ of most plants. Leaves are the organs sticking out ofthe stem. They are made up of loosely arranged cells with air, were cells absorbcarbondioxed and goes in in and then they release oxygen. The mesophyllis held together bay the upper and lower surface of the leaf,which is covered by tissue. A vascular runs through the mesophyll providing thecells walls with water and taking out the food the produces of photosynthesis toother parts otf the plants. The leaf blade is connected to the stem through athin portion called the petiole, or stalk, which consist mostly of flowers -carpels. .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 , .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .postImageUrl , .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 , .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:hover , .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:visited , .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:active { border:0!important; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:active , .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62 .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71127c172df3e52c0370c6e8e19c1b62:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Essay PaperThe individual parts and sepals are all modified leaves that have taken onreproductive functions. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Playing of Dota free essay sample

Because Kudler has experienced significant growth, is focusing on expanding services, and striving to improve the efficiency of its operations, a thorough review of its current accounting information systems and prioritization of four key areas is recommended in this order: inventory management, payroll, accounts receivable, and accounts payable. Purchase of industry specific software will assist Kudler in reducing costs, improving efficiency, and maintaining controls as these upgrades are implemented. Toward achieving the goals of integrating and automating the various accounting related activities, we recommend that Kudler Fine Foods adapt Cougar Mountain accounting software. Rationale and Analysis An essential component of creating success within Kudler’s accounting systems is prioritization of three process activities developed around the four identified areas of focus listed above. Automation –creating a more efficient process and reducing the man-hours required in Kudler’s chief areas of concern, leverages management time and allows Kudler to focus on its core function of retail sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Playing of Dota or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most pivotal of the four areas is redesign of Kudler’s inventory and ordering mechanisms. Enhancement – as automation of the four key systems is implemented, adaptation and enhancement of new modules will be required. Because retail markets are dynamic in nature, the ability to customize all aspects of Kudler’s accounting information systems is paramount. Adaptation of Cougar Mountain’s software modules will be executed following a thorough analysis of automated system effectiveness. Maintenance – as new modules are brought online, a regular schedule of maintenance will be put into operation. Data integrity, security, efficiency, and speed of the AIS will be realized by maximizing a system of upkeep for both hardware and software components of the proposed upgrade. An additional reduction in downtime will significantly impact JOIN NOW FO

Black Panthers Essays (1000 words) - Black Panther Party

Black Panthers The 1960's ushered in a period of massive activism, both political and social. Many single interest groups rose to the forefront of American media and became household names. These groups made great changes in American thought and society, some even made changes around the world. Of the latter, the Black Panther Party is one of the most intriguing. The Black Panther Party rose to prominence almost immediately after its formation, and within a few years spread around the globe. Huey P. Newton, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the party in October 1966. Similarity of background brought about a large degree of cohesiveness in the party, and originally brought Newton and Seale together. Huey P. Newton, born in 1942 in Louisiana, moved with his family to California in 1945. He grew up in the ghettoes and lived a life similar to the other black youths in ghettoes around the country. Rarely was he given a chance to do skilled labor. By the time he attended Merritt College, he had a reputation as a tuff guy. According to Marine, One thing that distinguished Newton from other tuffs, though, was his ability to articulate ideas, organize, and get things done. Bobby Seale also grew up in poverty. As a young man he joined the Air Force, where he received important arms and tactical training. Seale was later court-martialed and found himself unable to hold a job. This background created a hostility and aggressiveness that helped to shape his ideals and character. It was later while attending Merritt College that Seale met Newton. While attending Merritt College, Newton and Seale studied the great revolutionaries such as Marx, Fanon, Lenin, and Malcolm X. It was here that they formed the political and social philosophies that would later shape the Black Panther Party. In October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale developed the Black Panther Party. Together they drew up a ten-point program entitled 'What We Want.' They also put together 26 rules governing the behavior of members. A unified membership was also very important to the success of the Panthers. Keeping this in mind, consideration of recruits would follow certain guidelines. According to Seale, Newton wanted brothers off the block- brothers who had been pimping, brothers who had been peddling dope, brothers who ain't gonna take no *censored*, brothers who had been fighting the pigs. The party was quick to begin activities, and in December 1966, proclaims Calloway, the Black Panthers aroused excitement in Oakland, California by 'picking up the gun' and patrolling the police. They attempted to explain (persuade) to anyone who would listen that legal patrols of police (the following of police in the ghettoes by armed black panthers) was a first step in improving the condition of black life. The firearms they carried were legal, and people were beginning to take notice. As a result, a bill was introduced in early 1967, just a few months after the parties' conception, to the California State Legislature to ban the carrying of loaded firearms. This was a direct attack on the activities and rapidly growing influence of the Panthers. In response to debate on this bill, Newton issued the famous Executive Mandate Number One, in which he noted that black people have begged, prayed, petitioned and demonstrated, among other things, to get the racist power structure to right the wrongs which have historically been perpetrated against Black people? and in response to the vicious police dogs, cattle prods, and increased patrols [that] have become familiar sights in black communities? and convinced that city hall turns a deaf ear to the pleas of Black people, Newton vowed that the time has come for Black to arm themselves against this terror before it is too late. Bobby Seale, along with twenty-nine armed Panthers, marched to Sacramento, the capitol of California, to deliver this mandate from the steps of the capitol building. All thirty members were arrested. The delivery of the address, and the subsequent arrest, catapulted the Panthers into the spotlight of the national mass media. Suddenly, the Black Panthers had become a household name. Local groups sprang up across the nation. Tension was escalating between the Panthers and the authorities. On October 28, 1967, one year after

Crucible1 essays

Crucible1 essays The Crucible; underestimated and underrated I must be honest in that I had never heard of the movie The Crucible until a few weeks ago when my English teacher had us watch it for a unit we were currently doing on witchcraft. Figuring it was some teachers educational video, I was not very thrilled. My opinion changed abruptly as the movie began with several mischievous girls sneaking out one dark, eerie night in the 1600s. The setting seemed to put me there with the bright, full moon shinning over the calm lake and the cool, misty air seeming to hang in the air like ghosts. The girls ran, looking nervously over their shoulders as if they were committing a deadly crime, into the daunting woods. There they met a mysterious black woman around a fire, and they began screaming the names of those they were infatuated with and requested a spell to be cast on them, which would make them, love them. Everything turned serious as Abigail Williams, one of the girls, smashed a live chicken to pieces and smeared its blood on her face as if possessed. The girls ran from the woods in a frightened terror as a curious witness put the pieces together. The following morning, two of the little girls, one of them being Abigails little sister, were in a wakeless sleep. The witness explained what he saw; consequently, witchcraft was quickly suspected which the girls knew would sentence them to life if they were convicted. That was a quick recap of only the first five minutes of this intense thriller. For the first time in my life I actually looked forward to English class in order to watch the next forty-five exciting minutes of The Crucible. In my many trips to Hollywood Video to catch the new releases with the good reviews and the best actors, I never even considered exploring the old sections of movies. I have learned not to ju ...

Interview with RTD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview with RTD - Assignment Example On the other hand, employee handling has generated great benefits to RTD Company by saving the company 5 million. Schemes have also been developed like the shared savings and staffing plans which is the right direction towards meeting the future company needs. The company also derives benefits recovery of 90% of its premiums. Fear is a general term that may be used to describe lack of certainty and clarity of certain issues. It is therefore quite logical to conclude with reference to the responses that fear and lack of it exists in the organization in manageable proportions. According to Cherie, fear exists but not as much as it was previously. This is mainly because the employees now have a union, which can bargain for them. Cherie explains that fear is only caused by lack of trust that is mainly by individuals. Roger says that there is only a pocket of fear, which is majorly caused by employees being afraid to speak out hence a closed environment. George on the other hand resonates fear from the economic fear and insecurity; this is because people may fear being laid off and hence losing their pension. This can though be fixed from better decisions by management on better funding strategies with intense pressure from the union for increased employment of 1st year recruits. RTD corporation has several strengths which has enabled it prosper in its activities among which are their commitment for customer service both internally and externally. The staff of the company is also experienced and they understand well the business of the company, this makes them be good at what they do in delivering service to the clients. The company bases its operations based on trust, which is a virtue. The company through the HR department is also able to do thorough advocacy for the employees; this helps the company to balance what is good for both its employees who are highly motivated and the company. Apart from just having strengths, the company as

Sobey's Distribution Department Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sobey's Distribution Department - Case Study Example The following discourse focuses on Sobey in terms of the probable applicability of technology to improve its operations. Introduction E-commerce can be done in two ways. The first is a case in which a company produces goods and services that can be exchanged online. These include such goods as computer software and even books, commonly referred to as e-books. In such transactions, the buyer contacts a seller mainly through the seller’s website and places an order for the given product. After this, the buyer is directed on how to make the payment. This is done online too with the buyer offered a dialogue box in which he enters his credit or debit card number. The card must, in this case, be globally recognized. The transaction takes place in the major currencies which in most cases is the American dollar. After entering the card number, an amount that is the price of the product is deducted. Thereafter, the buyer is allowed to download the product. This is an entirely online pr ocess with the two parties requiring no physical contact (Stefan, Christ and Jochen, 2008). The other model involves the basics of the transaction being done online such as in marketing. In this case, the client and the buyer meet online and the buyer gets to the goods specifications in which he is interested. After this, the buyer makes the payment as would be the company policy and waits for the seller to deliver the goods. This takes place when the goods can not be physically exchanged. Sobeys, given its business nature, thus belongs to the second category. It would only carry out extensive marketing and some of the most basic transactions online. However, the remaining part of the transactions would require physical contact between the seller (Sobey) and the buyers. Primary Data Through interviews and observation of the firm operations, it became eminent that the store has a wide customer base and has in the past placed in place strategies that aim to increase its sales. Some of these include product promotions and some other value added services. Sobeys is a chain distribution department with presence in all the provinces of the country and has two hundred branches currently. It majors in the sale of grocery and other fundamental house wares. The use of ICT is appreciated in the firm as the company has a website and is at advance stage of launching on-line transactions with its clients. The use of social sites such as facebook and twitter is rife as the company runs several accounts and fun pages with which it keeps contact with some of its esteemed customer. They have used the on-line platform to carry out market researches and this has played a part in their determination of yet some newer locations of expansion. From the study on how the store uses technology, the following were determined: Key characters and the difficulties they currently face Among some of the key personalities of the firm is the president who also sums up as the chief executive off icer of the firm. Currently, this position is held by William Bill Mc Ewan. Given the fact that firm has a presence throughout Canada, communication and information flow has proved to be a challenge to its operations. This is a challenge which is well understood by the organization’s CEO. For instance, there are several incidences and transactions always warrant his presence or authorization but due to the job’s nature, the president can not always oversee all these in person. Consequently, he normally delegates some of these

Call of the Wild Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Call of the Wild - Movie Review Example Overview Call of the wild takes place in suburban America. While reviewers praise the plot of the stories, many people have had different reviews of the influence it may have on the world situation today, be it among the young or adults. The perception this movie creates is one that leaves different emotions in the minds of the audience. The movies may be considered for the young and the old, where all would enjoy it. It does not have any negative influence to children, adolescents or adults and still maintains a spark that interests all in the audience. Certain contemporary movies give a face for controversy since they provide especially young audience with negative influences that are harmful. For instance, many movies will have characters cursing, smoking or even having nude scenes. This is however not the case with Call of the Wild. Despite not having negative influences on people, it contains certain emotionally strong scenes that some may consider inappropriate to their childre n. For instance, there is a scene with a grandfather who was angry with his daughter, bullying taking place, a dog being mishandled by his owners and many more. However, all these are scenes that the director and the writer want to develop the heightened themes present in that era of mediocrity. Plot The movie depicts a scene where a dog living in greatness and wealth is stolen by a gambling insensitive housekeeper and sold in the city. He faces many challenges from his new owners where he is not given food, locked in small room. Luckily, he gets chance of redemption and fights for freedom and better living. His efforts go unrewarded and quite he later goes through endless instances of being tormented by his owner. Later, he finds new owner dispatchers where he gains experience of surviving harsh weather conditions of the winter. On one particular instance after a long journey, he is able to redeem himself in the wild and leads his way to another pack of wild dogs and sometimes ends in rivalry with some members of the pack. The dog, Buck, is later able to become head of the pack and leads the rest through the thick cold forests. Afterwards, Buck finds himself in the postal delivery service where he also finds the difficulty of having to carry heavy loads filled with letters and parcels with other dogs. Buck then move on to a trio of owners, who have minimal experience in controlling, feeding or treating sled dogs. He is able to survive the inexperience of the three owners and after a dangerous experience with the owners and members of the sled. Some drown while Buck survives the experience and finds himself in the hands of Thornton; another owner. Thornton treats him well and is experienced to work with dog having realized that Buck was a remarkable dog. Through his quest in search of gold, Buck helps him a lot and sometime wins him bets in return for money. Buck is a strong dog. He forms a great bond with his owner and a wolf. One night after Buck and the wol f go running, they come back and find Thornton and the rest of the villagers killed by rival Indians. He is disappointed and in turn resorts to avenging on behalf of Thornton. Every year, Bucks returns to the site of the village to mourn his friend’s demise. Themes in Call of the Wild The movie consists of an evident theme an outreach for oneness.

Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Neurodegenerative Diseases Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease CNS: Central nervous system GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein NFT: Neurofibrillary tangles MAP2: Microtubule-associated protein 2 MBP: Myelin basic protein Nef3: Neurofilament 3 PAD: Peptidylarginine deiminase RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction SP: Senile plaque Introduction Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimers disease and Multiple Sclerosis, are a group of progressive conditions, which affect a persons learning abilities and the day-to-day routine management. Citrullination/deiminasion is a process describing the enzymatic involvement in conversion of arginine residues into citrulline in target proteins. Here, is a review, entailing the main features of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme family, with a view on its history, presence and future in neurodegenerative disorders. Background The amino acid Citrulline was firstly mentioned in 1955 (Smith and Young), and the citrullination process of L-arginine conversion to L-citrulline was firstly described in 1958 (Rogers and Simmonds).Citrullination is a posttranslational process, and also results in a 1Da decrease in size, due to an hydrolytic reaction (Vossenaar et al., 2003; Gyorgy et al., 2006; van Venrooji and Pruijn, 2003). However, it was only in 1977 when peptidylarginine deiminases, the enzymes that are responsible to the citrulline modification, were firstly described (Rogers et al.). Alzheimers disease: GFAP, an astrocyte-specific marker protein, is involved in the progression of Alzheimers disease via PAD2 citrullination. The increase of PAD2 can be seen in the hippocampi of AD patients. GFAP and vimentin citrullination was also identified by using a 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Activation of PAD occurs upon a mass influx of Ca2+, and therefore an increase in citrullinated proteins (Keller et al., 2000; Maccioni et al., 2001). The PAD family consists of five known members (1-4 6), each is present in a different area in the human body. PAD2 and PAD4 area of activity is the central nervous system (CNS), although PAD2 in larger amounts than PAD4 (Kubilus and Baden, 1983; Watanabe et al., 1988; Terakawa et al., 1991). Yet, the role of the different PADs is still largely understood. PAD3 was found in the root sheaths of hair follicles, as part of the citrullination process of keratinisation (Kanno et al., 2000). PAD4 was found in human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells, and later in peripheral blood granulocytes (Nakashima et al., 1999; Asaga et al., 2001). PAD2 and PAD4 are also present in the myelin sheath. In fact, hyper-citrullination of myelin basic protein (MBP) is now known to result in myelin sheath loss in multiple sclerosis patients (Moscarello et al., 1994; Wood et al., 2008; Musse et al., 2008). Moreover, PAD4 is also involved in histone deimination in brain tissues of such patients (Mastronardi et al., 2006). Following immunocytochemical studies, PAD2 have been detected in glial cells and astrocytes (Asaga and Ishigami, 2000; Vincent et al., 1992; Asaga and Ishigami, 2001), microglial cells (Vincent et al., 1992; Asaga et al, 2002), oligodendrocytes (Akiyama et al., 1999), and Schwann cells (Keilhoff et al., 2008). Furthermore, during hypoxic insult (Asaga and Ishigami, 2000) and during kainic acid administration (Asaga and Ishigami, 2001; Asaga et al., 2002), neurodegenerative regions shown to have PAD2 activity and deimination of various proteins. These findings suggest that PAD2 plays an important role in protein citrullination in neurodegeneration.  Senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the two main forms of protein aggregation, and therefore responsible for neuronal death in AD (Katzman, 1986; Smith, 1998). They are mainly found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, when levels of PAD2 were detected to be more than threefold higher in the hippocampus than in the cortex of rat brains (Asaga and Ishigami, 2000). A study by Ishigami et al. (2005) was set to evaluate the involvement of protein citrullination in AD patients brains, and identified two citrullinated proteins- GFAP and vimentin, by using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. It went on to identify also a citrullinated MBP, again in the hippocampus region of the AD patients. Multiple sclerosis: Higher rates of citrullinated MBP were found in the CNS of MS patients than in the CNS of healthy adults (Mastronardi et al., 2006; Nicholas and Whitaker, 2002; Raijmakers et al., 2005). However, similar levels of citrullination have been observed in children under the age of 4. An indication that citrullination is involved in the development of mature myelin (Moscarello et al., 1994; Wood et al., 1996). Due to known increased citrullination, PAD2 and PAD4 rates in myelin from normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of seven MS patients were examined, and were found to be significantly higher compared to NAWM from six control individuals, using immunoblots with PAD2 and PAD4-specific antibodies (Wood et al., 2008). The anti-citrulline antibody- F95, was also used in the same manner, resulting in the same outcome (Nicholas et al., 2004). The study by Wood et al. (2008) also discovered that PAD2 can citrullinate 18 out of 19 arginine residues, whereas PAD4 can only citrullinate 15 out of 19 arginine residues localised in MBP. It has been found and reported that MPB deimination increases its susceptibility to degradation by proteinases, which are elevated around active plaques and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Cuzner and Davison, 1973; Einstein et al., 1972; Richards and Cuzner, 1978). It has been also reported that macrophages and reactive astrocytes are able to produce the proteinase cathepsin D (Allen and McKeown, 1979; Prineas and Wright, 1978). Cathepsin D then produces peptides that contain the immuno-dominant epitopes of MBP, located in the CSF of MS patients (Whitaker, 1977; Whitaker and Granum, 1980). It was then discovered that different MBP strains, containing greater amounts of citrulline per mole of MBP than their counterparts were digested at a much faster rate by cathepsin D (Pritzker et al., 2000). An explanation for this discovery by Pritzker et al. can be explained by the three-dimensional atomic structure of the human MBP they created. The stru cture showed a clear correlation between the open conformation of the atomic structure and the higher rate of citrullination in-site, which allows cathepsin D a better access to Phe-Phe linkages in MBP, and so an increased digestion of citrullinated MBP. Current perspectives In addition to MBP, GFAP also have shown to be citrullinated in MS. In a study by Nicholas et al. (2004), GFAP citrullination rate in both the NAWM and lesions of patients with SPMS was compared with the white matter of control brain tissue, and was found to be in higher amounts. The findings were obtained using GFAP anti-citrulline antibodies (such as P95) and confocal microscopy. On an extended study by Nicholas et al. (2004), using dual staining wit GFAP anti-citrulline antibodies, it was found that lesions taken from nine MS patients were highly citrullinated compared to white matter taken from six healthy control individuals. Western blotting has also confirmed that the majority of the deimination occurred in GFAP. PAD4 is enable to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, due to its ability to carry a functional nuclear localisation signal (Nakashima et al., 2002). PAD4 modification can also affect nuclear proteins, histones H2A, H3 and H4, and nucleophosmin/B23 (Hagiwara et al. 2002).   Deimination of histones causes change in chromatin confirmation, and therefore gene transcription gets turned off (Shimoyama et al., 2010). In a study by Cuthbert et al. PAD4 was found to inhibit transcription of estrogen-responsive genes in MCF-7 cells. Levels of PAD4 in MCF-7 cells were shown to rise in response to estrogen, followed by deimination of the pS2 promoter by PAD4, which coincides with downregulation of this gene (Cuthbert et al. 2004). Wang et al. showed that incubation of purified substrates H3 and H4 with PAD4 in vitro generated citrullinated H3 and H4, which coincided with a dramatic reduction in H3 Arg 17 and H4 Arg 3 methylation (Wang et al. 2004). This effect was also mimicked when HL-60 granulocytes were incubated with PAD4 in vivo, in the presence of calcium ionophore. PAD4 was found to be elevated in NAWM from 17 patients with MS, compared to 9 control subjects (Mastronardi et al. 2006). This was shown by fractionation of these samples into membrane-containing, non-microsomal, and nuclear fractions, followed by quantitation of the amount of PAD 1-4 antibody binding. The nuclear fraction contained a 3.5-fold increase in the level of PAD4 in patients with MS compared to controls. Through western blot analysis using anti-PAD4 antibody, this was attributable to increased PAD4 in the MS NAWM. Using an antibody against citrullinated proteins, this increase in PAD4 was found to be accompanied by an increase in citrullinated proteins in brain tissue taken from patients with MS, whereby strong nuclear labeling in NAWM from MS patients was seen compared to controls (Mastronardi et al. 2006). This increase in PAD4 was also accompanied by an increase in nuclear histone H3 citrullination, as shown by immunostaining of MS and control tissue with an antibody against citrullinated protein, which revealed strong nuclear staining of cells in the MS white matter. These findings were confirmed by western blot analysis, which showed a gre at abundance of citrullinated H3 in MS NAWM, with only traces in white matter from controls. This citrullination of histones greatly affects the chromatin structure and function, as deimination of arginine residues of histones decreases their positive charge, which compromises its ability to interact with DNA and possibly resulting in apoptosis of affected cells (Moscarello et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2004). It is not known whether excess citrullination is a primary or a secondary event to the inflammatory process in MS or whether the regulation of PAD isoforms may be part of the genetic susceptibility to MS. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the PAD4 gene, also associated with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, increase mRNA stability, suggesting that this could result in greater PAD4 protein expression and hence increased citrullination of proteins (Suzuki et al. 2003). Increased PAD2 protein expression in human astrocytes in vitro has also been reported in response to inc reased intracellular calcium levels when cells were subjected to elevated pressure or in response to hypoxia (Bhattacharya et al. 2006a, b; Sambandam et al. 2004). A number of pathological processes, including excitotoxicity, occur in the CNS of patients with MS, which would lead to raised intracellular calcium ions in neurons and glia (Shideman et al. 2006; Smith 2007). Large numbers of activated macrophages are present in inflammatory demyelinating sites within MS lesions. Since these cells contain PAD enzymes and there is increased cell death due to raised intracellular calcium ions, this would lead to activation of PAD enzymes when released from dying cells (Bhattacharya et al. 2006a). Thus myelin proteins may be citrullinated both intracellularly, during myelin degradation following phagocytosis, as well as extracellularly, following release of PAD enzymes from dying cells. In addition, significant hypomethylation of the PAD2 promoter has also been found to occur in MS NAWM compared to controls, which may lead to increased PAD2 expression and subsequent increase in citrullination, as hypomethylation leads to increased gene transcription (M astronardi et al. 2007). Future perspectives Conclusion In the last 60 years since it was firstly mentioned, the research area of PADs have made a tremendous leap and came about with many important discoveries regarding the mechanisms and pathologies concerning PADs. However, it still seems to be largely unknown and have many possible routes of research. Especially when considering the wide localisation of the PADs throughout the human body. Such areas of research may ask after the origins of the calcium influx to the brain tissues, and the timing of that physiological event; how may the rate of calcium influx affect the rate of neurodegeneration; what would prove to be the most effective PAD-inhibitor treatment, etc. However, looking at the milestones along the research of PADs, it does seem that the right questions are being asked, and that the available/emerging technologies are suitable for this research. References Smith, D. G. and Young, E. G. J. Biol. Chem., 217, 845 (1955). Rogers GE, Simmonds DH. Content of citrulline and other amino acids in a protein of hair follicles. Nature. 1958; 182(4629):186-7. [PubMed: 13566234] Vossenaar ER, Zendman AJ, van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJ. PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes: genes, features and involvement in disease. Bioessays. 2003; 25(11):1106-18. [PubMed: 14579251] Gyorgy B, Tà ³th E, Tarcsa E, Falus A, Buzà ¡s EI. Citrullination: a posttranslational modification in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006; 38(10):1662-77. [PubMed: 16730216] Van Venrooij WJ, Pruijn GJ. Citrullination: a small change for a protein with great consequences for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. 2000; 2(4):249-51. [PubMed: 11094435] Rogers GE, Harding HW, Llewellyn-Smith IJ. The origin of citrulline-containing proteins in the hair follicle and the chemical nature of trichohyalin, an intracellular precursor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977; 495(1):159-75. [PubMed: 410454] Keller, J.N., Hanni, K.B., Markesbery, W.R. Impaired proteasome function in Alzheimers disease. J Neurochem. 2000; 75:436-439. Maccioni R. B., Muà ±oz J. P. Barbeito L. The molecular bases of Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Arch Med Res. 32, 367-381 (2001).   Ã‚  

Oral History Essay

In recreating the historical aspect of life and experiences, one particular area has already flourished and created a definite voice and way to elucidate what other things that were missed by the historians. Oral history became popularized through its ability to generate a powerful narration of a personal account of what other historical artifacts may be found. It seems that oral history has paved the way of giving out the accounts of our forefathers as a way of a hand-me-down run-down of the past. Although normally most people have certain qualms or reservations regarding this arena, it still could not be helped when most cultures generate their own historical marks through this process. This might be due to this particular regeneration and recreation that people are skeptical about. The verification of these orally transmitted histories would take a lifetime to discover or it might take a rigorous process. In a way, it would not be helped then that oral histories are taken with much doubt. These doubts then could be alleviated by means of meticulous and precise research and background study. It might not eradicate all the skeptics but it could give justice and justification in regarding oral histories as merely hearsays. True enough that oral histories would come to be formulated though word of mouth but giving a certain backdrop could, at the least, make it acceptable. Oral history then provides us with an alternative into viewing history as a whole. There could be two general reservations for oral history. The first is its inclination towards a more personalized view of historical aspects. Lastly, the discussion on oral history’s inclination towards the artistic implications would be tackled in giving a light to the personalized input of the subject matter, oral history. It is the aim then of this paper to view oral history as a part of a broader argument for it being a form of art of which art as another contributor to history. Suffice to say, oral history would then be investigated as a form of an art work through its personalized and artistic quality. In connection to this then, an argument for art being a contributor to history would be played to reveal that oral history too could be a source of history, albeit a particular view but a source nonetheless. This ambitious event would take place then through arguing that narratives from oral history could recreate a more artistic ideal and with this generates a whole new perspective regarding the personalized approach to oral history. It would not be scraped then that oral history has a hint of a more personalized quality. It would seem that life stories are generally tainted with the perspective of the speaker and at the same time the views are â€Å"reportable† in nature (Linde 20-21). In the advent of this occurrence, it could be seen then that autobiographies and/or biographies are personalized in nature through the prospect that it is in the perspective of the speaker. It was generally known that autobiographies and the like are written in this approach. To come to terms with this aspect then is to be able to recognize that some of these biographies are taken orally through interviews and just as final output it was written to be published. What is essential though is that this form of story is just apart of the whole perspective of culture, event, etc. The person or the self then greatly contributes to the whole (Linde 50). Given that these personal accounts could contribute to the whole, it would not then be amiss to claim that there are certain indications where the personal quality of oral history, in this case autobiography and/or biography, is useful for the historical aspect of a tribe, or a country. These accounts then could be verified through the more holistic and objective aspect of history. The danger that is presented in this aspect is that it could become a mere novel where fictional attribution is heavily distinguished in the work. A good resolution for this danger is to be able to have a certain framework that would surely not deviate from the purpose of the literary work. The realization and the recognition of the aim then are through seeing that the work as needed to generate a particular view of the general historical event. It is in this view that narratives could work through framing, where it becomes a â€Å"sharing of memory within a culture (Bruner 56). † What could be inferred here is that although the works are personal in nature, it should be case that these accounts are used in accordance to what constitutes the factual events of the time. In a way, these aspects then could be seen in the light of certain historical and cultural hints in the work. It was said that â€Å"schematic† basis should be generated through the institutional and historical aspect where the experience of the speaker came from (Bruner 57). The best recourse then is to be able to identify a written output as a plain autobiography and/or biography with a certain aim and balanced fictional input, just enough to heighten the affective quality that it would have on the reader. It could also be seen that this personalized contribution could be seen in a collective manner. This is, again, with the implication that these works were â€Å"canonical interpretation† of an event. In this aspect, it could then be viewed that a collective memory of a group could become an ideology set for reporting an event or even a particular conception in relation to societal factors (Billig 60-61). It was said then that this memory could be a process in reconstructing the past through a certain discourse (Billig 62). In a way, a retelling of the past then occurs through a conversational way and at the same time it could commemorate what had happened. It was said that oral history could take the form of a narrative concerning a person’s perspective regarding his/her culture. One way of looking at this is the way it could generate an autobiographical and/or biographical sketch of a person’s life. In a way, it would seem then that an interview or of same sort could recreate a different milieu of the more generalized objective report of historical accounts. What is meant by this is that some people tend to portray their culture through a more literary perspective. The stories that could be compiled then from word of mouth from ancestors could become a way in recreating historical accounts at the same time it gives out an artistic quality to it. Folk tales are recognized as traditional input of legends that could become a way in extracting a more cultural approach in history. This tradition not only secures the cultural aspect in it but also secures that the belief system of a group and be passed down from generation to generation. As was mentioned earlier, a popular approach to oral history is through the usage of the autobiography and/or biography. It is in this case that life stories could be used in producing a historical account. Although this form may be written when published but the part where it was oral is the fact that these written forms could come from the interviews that was done to compile such work as was mentioned earlier. It is the case then that a certain goal or aim should be realized and reached when giving out the interview. It would be the goal where a more detailed aspect of, for example, a war or a detailed aspect of what was happening at a certain event. Only that these detailed reports would come from a certain perspective or angle rather than a more holistic approach the way the usual writing of history is done. In the light of this occurrence, it could then be said that the narrative has a tinge of a dramatic approach to the cultural basis of which the story could introduce. This dramatic attempt then makes it hard for the people to actually count these autobiographical and/or biographical sketches as an authentic output of historical events. But what is fascinating about these narratives is that it suggests a certain value of combining the seemingly obvious to the obscure (Bruner 47). This could happen through generating a more personalized way of construing the historical account. What could be said about narratives is that it could be real or imaginary without ever taking the power that it could create for the readers (Bruner 44). In this case then, life stories could provide a tableau for both events without succumbing to a more fabled or fictional function of narratives and/or stories. The problem of folktales is that it has a more fabled approach to it that generally it could not reassure the readers of the authenticity that they are inclined with. In the autobiographical and/or biographical approach, it has a minimal problem with regards to authenticity that it would not create a major problem among readers. The literary input then could be balanced by the factual input of the biographer that this authenticity problem would not be a major concern. What could be the major concern is that whether or not the synchronicity of factual to a more literary approach is well balanced so as to not make the work look more literary than necessary. Given this attribute then, it would seem that the life stories could generate a backdrop for the wider and objective view on history. A good example is the book is the autobiography of Delfino Cuero. The book contains a concise historical documentation of the tribe of which Delfino Cuero belongs and a historical chronology of what was happening during a certain time span as well as the cultural history of Delfino Cuero (Shipek 7-18). It could then be presumed that a right combination of the narrative and the factual input could create certain oral historical outputs that are both informative and recreational. The mundane and the objective then combined could produce a historical deviation from the usual report style documentation of events. The artistic implication set then is the fact that biographies and/or autobiographies could be deemed as literature. It was generally seen that literature is a form of artwork. It generally gives a certain hint of the cultural background of a certain place, people, or country. It could be seen that literature has become one of the paths on providing certain backgrounds on the cultural aspect as well as the events of a given place. It is a leeway of which historical events are colored to produce the necessary outcome. In lieu of what was mentioned above it could be seen then that these works formed as a literature could be seen as an artwork of some sort. In this aspect, a view on art as one of the contributors of history could be seen. It would seem that art and artworks could generally create the necessary background of the cultural aspect of history as well as certain accounts of the historical aspect of a place or country. Take for example sculptures, there chronological and sequential updates could view a certain aspect of the progress of civilizations. Another area of which these form of artwork tackle is the direct or indirect influence of other countries or civilizations in the country. It could then be a way to produce certain evidences needed for accounting the historical events of a place. In autobiographies and/or biographies, it could be seen that the accounts made by the speaker or author could generally pinpoint a certain area of the countries’ progress. As was repetitively implied earlier, the particular perspective would then come from a general view of the historical event. It could then be deduced that oral historical forms could come through interviewing and would generate an autobiographical and/or biographical production that is generally written in format. This production then could be personalized in nature but given a much canonical interpretation, it could produce a credible and authentic output for a particular view in history. What could be essential is that these memories should become a recollection of the past at the same time it could commemorate the episodes in the past. It could then be further deduced that the artistic implication of these works are more intended through the mixture of the literary inputs that could be used. A balanced work would then mean that fictions are not at the majority but they are used for the aesthetic purpose of the said productions. In this light, it could then be said that the written output could be seen as a literature where it was known to be a form of artwork. It would then be discovered that the contributions that artworks have in history is a way in handing out evidences of the cultural and general accounting of the events that was happening before. The contribution then of oral history could also be recognized by the fact that it could not be limited to folktales but that it could generate a more particular view of the events that happened in history aside from one of its aspect as a form of artwork.

Employee Motivation: Implementing Mcclelland’s Three Needs Theory

Employee Motivation: Implementing McClelland's Three Needs Theory Fundamentals of Management MGT 3371 September 30, 2010 ABSTRACT What motivates employees to perform? Is it money? Power and prestige? Camaraderie? Personal achievement? On the surface, it is logical to assume that money motivates people to work. Money is needed to meet the basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. The more money you make, the more things you can afford to buy. Yes, money is a great motivator. But is it THE motivating factor that drives employees to perform? What about power and prestige?Is that â€Å"atilla the hun† type executive more influenced by his big paycheck or is it his need for control, recognition and status symbols that drives him? What about camaraderie? Some workers excel in work environments where there is a lot of human interaction and harmony within the group. Others prefer to work alone, rarely having to deal with other people. What about personal achievement? Take for e xample, two employees who go to work for the same company at the same time, same job, same pay. One stays on the same job for 20 years content with where he is.The other, over the same 20 years, advances within the company to more and more difficult jobs with more and more responsibility until he reaches upper management where he finds himself not nearly as happy as the other guy. He is making much more money, yet he is unhappy. Perhaps, he never was â€Å"suited† for a management position. Is there a way to know which employees are better suited for which jobs? David McClelland thought there was. He believed that if we could identify what it was that motivated employees then we could put them into the appropriate jobs to meet those needs.This in turn would produce a motivated workforce contributing to economic growth (Nohria ; Groysberg, 2008). McClelland developed a theory known as the three needs theory or the learned needs theory. He proposed that an individual's needs ar e acquired over time and are shaped by our life experiences. Most of these needs can be classified as either achievement, affiliation, or power. Motivation and effectiveness on the job are influenced by these three needs. Achievement The first of the three needs is achievement (nAch).People who are achievement-motivated tend to look for ways of doing things better, making improvements. They are not gamblers, but do like some moderate risk. They enjoy tasks that are not too hard nor too easy. In their eyes, if it is too difficult, they risk failure. Too easy and they don't feel a sense of accomplishment, anybody could do it (Dowling, 1972). To the high achiever, achievement is more important than financial reward. Meeting goals is more rewarding than praise and recognition. Feedback is essential to achievement motivated employees.It can be in a number of different forms. Meeting and/or exceeding goals and expectations (such as sales goals) is one way. Money is also a form of feedback , as it let's the person know that they are performing well. They see financial rewards as a measurement of success rather than a means to an end. They prefer feedback about their work over comments about their personal characteristics. People who are assessed as high achievers are likely to be the employees who get things done. They are the ones who make things happen and get results.They prefer jobs in which their success depends on their own efforts and abilities rather than chance and factors beyond their control. Achievement-motivated people are well suited for jobs in sales, real estate, business management and entrepreneurial roles such as owner of a small business. Affiliation The second of the three needs is affiliation (n-Affil). Affiliation-motivated people have a need for friendly relationships and prefer interaction with other people. They like atmospheres that are cooperative, supportive, and friendly.A sense of belonging and group conformity is preferred to working al one. The affiliation-motivated employee is your team player. They work well in customer service and client interaction situations (Yukl, 1989) People who score low in affiliation tend to be loners and may be uncomfortable in social situations. They often lack motivation to maintain social contacts so important in networking, group presentations, public relations, and maintaining personal relations with peers and subordinates. Therefore, low n-Affil do not make the best managers. Power The third of the three needs is power (nPOW).Power, or authority-motivated people have a drive to be influential, effective, and make their mark. Personal status and prestige are important to them. There are two types of power included in the â€Å"need for power† category, personal power and institutional power. People who are driven by a need for personal power have a desire to be in control, to direct others. They may exercise their power impulsively. There is also tendencies toward being rud e, drinking excessively, sexual harassment, and collecting symbols of their power such as fancy cars, big offices, etc. faculty. css. edu). Institutional or social power motivated people have a need to organize the efforts of others and further the goals of the company or organization. They make great leaders. They tend to use their power in ways that benefit others and the company rather than for personal gain. Money is secondary to the need for power. Institutional power motivated people can be found in top management positions. Measuring Needs How do we find out where we fall on the needs scale?McClelland used the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to measure the needs of individuals. During the test, the subject is presented with a picture and they have to come up with a story that explains the picture. The idea is that the person will inject his or her own needs into the story they come up with. For example, in McClelland's book â€Å"The Achieving Society†, a picture is s hown that depicts a boy sitting at a desk with an open book in front of him. To a low achiever, the picture may appear to be a boy who is just daydreaming or reading.To a high achiever however, they may see a boy who is taking a one hour exam. He is almost finished and trying to think it through. He is upset with himself because he studied hard but still can't come up with all of the answers. This anxiety would indicate someone who cares a lot about achievement. The TAT has been shown to give fairly reliable results in assessing the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. It can be a very effective tool to use for identifying what types of jobs are suited to different people.For example, if you are looking for someone to fulfill the role of management in a large organization, look for someone who scores high in nPOW, moderate in nACH, and moderate in nAFF. Owner/managers of small businesses typically will have scores of nACH-high, nPOW- moderate, and nAFF- low (faculty. css. edu). Conclusion Using David McClelland's â€Å"Three Needs Theory† can be a useful tool in identifying strengths and weaknesses of employees. By identifying those strengths and weaknesses, employees can be placed in roles that not only meet their needs, but the company's as well.Happy employees perform better and produce more. They will stay with the company rather than going elsewhere to meet their needs. In today's economy, companies are under pressure to reduce costs and ensure that their employees have the necessary skills to not only compete effectively, but to ensure the companies survival (Derven, 2008). Assessing employee's needs is certainly one way to meet that goal.References Derven, M. (2008). LESSONS LEARNED: Using Competency Models to target Training Needs. T+D,62(12), 68-73. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database. Dowling, W. (1972). Conversation†¦ with DAVID McCLELLAND. Organizational Dynamics,  1(1), 56-72. Retrieved from Business Source Prem ier database faculty. css. edu/McClelland. html. Retrieved September 30, 2010. McClelland, D. , ; Burnham, D. (1976). Power is the Great Motivator. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from ERIC database. Nohria, N. , Groysberg, B. , ; Lee, L. (2008). Employee Motivation. Harvard Business Review,  86(7/8), 78-84. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database

Major General Charles Griffin in the Civil War

Major General Charles Griffin in the Civil War Charles Griffin - Early Life Career: Born December 18, 1825 at Granville, OH, Charles Griffin was the son of Apollos Griffin.   Receiving his early education locally, he later attended Kenyon College.   Desiring a career in the military, Griffin successfully sought an appointment to the US Military Academy in 1843.   Arriving at West Point, his classmates included A.P. Hill, Ambrose Burnside, John Gibbon, Romeyn Ayres, and Henry Heth.   An average student, Griffin graduated in 1847 ranked twenty-third in a class of thirty-eight.   Commissioned a brevet second lieutenant, he received orders to join the 2nd US Artillery which was engaged in the Mexican-American War.   Traveling south, Griffin took part in the final actions of the conflict.   Promoted to first lieutenant in 1849, he moved through various assignments on the frontier. Charles Griffin - The Civil War Nears: Seeing action against the Navajo and other Native American tribes in the Southwest, Griffin remained on the frontier until 1860.   Returning east with the rank of captain, he assumed a new post as an instructor of artillery at West Point.   In early 1861, with the secession crisis pulling the nation apart, Griffin organized an artillery battery comprised of enlisted men from the academy.   Ordered south following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April and the beginning of the Civil War,   Griffins West Point Battery (Battery D, 5th US Artillery) joined Brigadier General Irvin McDowells forces which were gathering at Washington, DC.   Marching out with the army that July, Griffins battery was heavily engaged during the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and sustained heavily casualties. Charles Griffin - To the Infantry: In the spring of 1862, Griffin moved south as part of Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac for the Peninsula Campaign.   During the early part of the advance, he led the artillery attached to Brigadier General Fitz John Porters division of III Corps and saw action during the Siege of Yorktown.   On June 12, Griffin received a promotion to brigadier general and took command of an infantry brigade in Brigadier General George W. Morells division of Porters newly-formed V Corps.   With the beginning of the Seven Days Battles in late June, Griffin performed well in his new role during the engagements at Gaines Mill and Malvern Hill.   With the failure of the campaign, his brigade moved back to northern Virginia but was held in reserve during the Second Battle of Manassas in late August.   A month later, at Antietam, Griffins men were again part of the reserve and did not see meaningful action.       Charles Griffin - Divisional Command: That fall, Griffin replaced Morell as division commander.   Though possessing a difficult personality that often caused issues with his superiors, Griffin was soon beloved by his men.   Taking his new command into battle at Fredericksburg on December 13, the division was one of several tasked with assaulting Maryes Heights.   Bloodily repulsed, Griffins men were forced to fall back.   He retained command of the division the following year after Major General Joseph Hooker assumed leadership of the army.   In May 1863, Griffin took part in the opening fighting at the Battle of Chancellorsville.   In the weeks after the Union defeat, he fell ill and was forced to leave his division under the temporary command of Brigadier General James Barnes. During his absence, Barnes led the division at the Battle of Gettysburg on July 2-3.   In the course of the fighting, Barnes performed poorly and Griffins arrival in camp during the final stages of the battle was cheered by his men.   That fall, he directed his division during the Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns.   With the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac in the spring of 1864, Griffin retained command of his division as leadership of V Corps passed to Major General Gouverneur Warren.   As Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant commenced his Overland Campaign that May, Griffins men quickly saw action at the Battle of the Wilderness where they clashed with Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Confederates.   Later that month, Griffins division took part in the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. As the army pushed south, Griffin played at key role at Jericho Mills on May 23 before being present for the Union defeat at Cold Harbor a week later.   Crossing the James River in June, V Corps took part in Grants assault against Petersburg on June 18.   With the failure of this attack, Griffins men settled into the siege lines around the city.   As the summer progressed into fall, his division participated in several operations designed to extend the Confederate lines and sever the railroads into Petersburg.   Engaged at the Battle of Peebles Farm in late September, he performed well and earned a brevet promotion to major general on December 12. Charles Griffin - Leading V Corps: In early February 1865, Griffin led his division at the Battle of Hatchers Run as Grant pressed towards the Weldon Railroad.   On April 1, V Corps was attached to a combined cavalry-infantry force tasked with capturing the critical crossroads of Five Forks and led by Major General Philip H. Sheridan.   In the resulting battle, Sheridan became infuriated with Warrens slow movements and relieved him in favor of Griffin.   The loss of Five Forks compromised General Robert E. Lees position in Petersburg and the next day Grant mounted a large scale assault on the Confederate lines forcing them to abandon the city.   Ably leading V Corps in the resulting Appomattox Campaign, Griffin aided in pursuing the enemy west and was present for Lees surrender on April 9.   With the conclusion of the war, he received a promotion major general on July 12.    Charles Griffin - Later Career:       Given leadership of the District of Maine in August, Griffins rank reverted to colonel in the peacetime army and he accepted command of the 35th US Infantry.   In December 1866, he was given oversight of Galveston and the Freedmens Bureau of Texas.   Serving under Sheridan, Griffin soon became entangled in Reconstruction politics as he worked to register white and African American voters and enforced the oath of allegiance as a requirement for jury selection.   Increasingly unhappy with Governor  James W. Throckmortons lenient attitude towards former Confederates, Griffin convinced Sheridan to have him replaced with staunch Unionist Elisha M. Pease.    In 1867, Griffin received orders to replaced Sheridan as commander of the Fifth Military District (Louisiana and Texas).   Before he could depart for his new headquarters in New Orleans, he fell ill during a yellow fever epidemic that swept through Galveston.   Unable to recover, Griffin died on September 15.   His remains were transported north and interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, DC.   Selected Sources TSHA: Major General Charles GriffinHistory Central: Charles GriffinFind a Grave: Charles Griffin

S Western Culture Essays

Indian V/S Western Culture Essays Indian V/S Western Culture Essay Indian V/S Western Culture Essay Difference between Indian culture and Western culture Many debates     surround the Indian and the western cultures. It   is   true   that   that   these cultures   differ   in  Ã‚   many  Ã‚   ways   ranging   from   eating   habits ,the way   of   dressing ,marriage   and   even   on   socio –economic   lives . The   western   culture   has   gone   through   a series   of   transformations   assuming   different   philosophies   and   civilizations   throughout   the   ages   whereas   the   Indian   culture   has been   seen   to   be   more   conservative   on   their   way   of   life. Looking   at   a   subject   like   the   feeding   habits   you   are   suddenly  Ã‚   met   by   a   very   cutting  Ã‚   difference   between  Ã‚   the   two   cultures   where   the Indians   would   prefer a   heavy   lunch   and   not   much   fascinated   with   the   idea   of  Ã‚   having   dinner , on   the   other   hand   their   western   counterparts   go   the opposite   direction  Ã‚   having   a   superior   appetite   for   dinner   over   lunch   . The   Indians   are   more   keen   with   how   they  Ã‚   wear   making  Ã‚   sure   they   avoid   exposure   of   body   but   their   brothers   in   the   west   are   not   bothered   with   whatever   style   you   use , in other   words   the   western   culture   is   quite liberal   on   dressing   habits. Indians   are   one   group   of   people   who   value   family   a lot   but   as   for   the   western   world   that   much   brotherhood   is   not   there . Dating   and   marriage   is   another   very   controversial   issue   everywhere in the   world . In   the   west   though   the   culture   is considerably   lenient   but   in  Ã‚   the  Ã‚   Indian   world   it   is   one   sphere   of   live   where   strict   morals   are   observed . Multiple   affairs   as   well   as nudity   are   highly   discouraged   in   the   Indian   culture , while   the   western   culture   remains silent   about   it . Places   of   fun   and   social   interactions   such   as   night   clubs , casinos , discos   are very   common   in   the west   where   they   are  Ã‚   accompanied   by   many   morally   unacceptable   indulgences   but   the   Indians   are not   equally   fascinated   by them   but  Ã‚   they   outdo   the   westerners   in   costume   varieties .

Homework3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework3 - Assignment Example The two factors or characteristic of power are highly conspicuous in the film. James sharper uses his political position (power) to influence people’s way of thinking. Ideally, the character influences people’s thinking and decisions through voting and rigging of elections. According to the film, Sharpe has been in office for four consecutive terms. His political success can be traced back to a network of corrupt city workers who protects his interests in Newark streets. Ideally, Sharpe threatened city workers with demotions and false accusations. In addition, traders who did not concur with his political ambitions were either accused of being terrorists or criminals. Consequently, their businesses were denied mayor’s protection and, hence subjected to sabotage. Although power is instrumental in social development, power can be applied in a negative sense, as depicted in the film. James Sharpe uses power for his own interests without considering people’s n eeds. Power gives authority to leaders and, therefore essential in leadership. However, power does not determine the quality of a leader. If it did then Sharpe would have been a better leader than his opponent was. Although the film does not reveal most of Booker leadership qualities, he seems a credible leader. His profile and academic qualifications makes him an outstanding leader compared to his political rival. Power is exercised through influence. In this context, leaders can also influenced by the very power they owe the people. It is unclear whether Booker can sustain his credibility if elected the mayor of the city. The first election illustrates the relationship between power and leadership. Ideally, candidates who had most power won the elections. Although James and Booker were both African-Americans, James had more political power than Booker did. Despite Booker having the best manifestos and visions for Newark and NJ, James had better chances of

To What extent has the world trade Organisation achieved its Essay

To What extent has the world trade Organisation achieved its objectives What are its greatest failures and how might these be a - Essay Example This paper is presented in four main parts. The first part of this paper provides a brief overview of the WTO and its objectives. The second part of this paper considers the arguments suggesting that the WTO has met its objectives. The third part of the paper analyses the arguments that suggest the WTO has not met its objectives. The final part of this paper will consider the greatest failures and identify where the WTO can go from there. ... Body, the Preamble to the WTO must be constructed as to include an objective for sustainable development.3 The cumulative value of the objectives contained in the Preamble to GATT 1994 can be described as an overall objective for promoting shared advantages among the international community for economic and political cohesion.4 Those who argue that the WTO has achieved its objectives in terms of international cohesion argue that the WTO has represented an automatic trajectory toward international cooperation. Those who argue that the WTO has failed to achieve its objectives are generally sympathetic toward developing countries and argue that the WTO has only succeeded in highlighting the inequities between nations and strongly favours developed economies.5 This research paper considers both sides of the debate and will therefore be presented in four parts. The first part of this paper provides a brief overview of the WTO and its objectives. The second part of this paper considers the arguments suggesting that the WTO has met its objectives. The third part of the paper analyses the arguments that suggest the WTO has not met its objectives. The final part of this paper will consider the greatest failures and identify where the WTO can go from there. Background and Overview of the TWO and its Objectives The WTO has its origins in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War in which a period of global economic depression followed. Leaders from Britain and the US led the charge and held a conference at Bretton Woods in the US in 1944 as a means of drafting the charter for the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) also known as the World Bank. The following year, the US and Britain moved for the charter

The Dell's Theory of Conflict Prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Dell's Theory of Conflict Prevention - Essay Example There is likewise the need to integrating the use of communication in global supply chains to determine its impact in the prevention of war through citing Kwame Anthony Appiah’s â€Å"Making Conversation†. In addition, one aims to determine how world supply chain gets people of the world engaged with each other into an activity with the projected positive outcome on a global realm, again with reference to Appiah’s â€Å"Making Conversation† and his concept of â€Å"cosmopolitanism†. Finally, one would delve into an evaluation of religions aspects through identifying how two countries, like India and the USA for instance, with different religions, but involved into the same business, can contribute to the world’s stability. In this regard, one would ultimately aim to prove that Friedman’s Dell Theory is a valid theoretical contention that confirms that countries which are participants of a global supply chain would be hesitant to go int o war for economic gains. One strongly agrees with Friedman’s Dell Theory that â€Å"no two countries that are part of a major global supply chain, like Dell’s, will ever fight a war against each other as long as they are both part of the same global supply chain† (Friedman 125). The discussion of the global supply chain illumined one’s understanding that global organizations, such as McDonald’s or Dell, form stronger alliances through a structured communication process that effectively delivers the customers’ demands. This communication process was already identified by Appiah when he cited Voltaire and averred that there is this expressed understanding â€Å"of the obligation to understand those with whom we share the planet, linking that need explicitly with our global economic interdependence" (Appiah 59). Through the global supply chain that contains clear and explicit communication process and patterns from the sources of materials an d supplies up to the point where products are delivered to the doorsteps of consumers, more countries benefit economically and therefore, these countries would do everything within their powers to disrupt the continuous global supply chain flow. As evidenced by the concept of cosmopolitanism, explicitly that which was disclosed as â€Å""Cosmopolitans . . . regard all the peoples of the earth as so many branches of a single family, and the universe as a state, of which they, with innumerable other rational beings, are citizens, promoting together under the general laws of nature the perfection of the whole, while each in his own fashion is busy about his own well-being† (Appiah 59) prove that the global supply chain validly and credibly acknowledges the universality of a global organization’s mission and goals. The more people are aware that being part of the global supply chain is beneficial for the local economy and as part of a global process, the more that economic gains are highlighted to outweigh geopolitical pursuits. One supports the statement that the global supply chain is an instrumental technique for global diplomacy â€Å"to the extent that countries tied their economies and futures to global integration and trade, (and thereby) it would act as a restraint on going to war with neighbors† (Friedman 125).

Aida Model Essay Example for Free

Aida Model Essay Every day were bombarded with headlines like these that are designed to grab our attention. In a world full of advertising and information – delivered in all sorts of media from print to websites, billboards to radio, and TV to text messages – every message has to work extremely hard to get noticed. And its not just advertising messages that have to work hard; every report you write, presentation you deliver, or email you send is competing for your audiences attention. As the world of advertising becomes more and more competitive, advertising becomes more and more sophisticated. Yet the basic principles behind advertising copy remain – that it must attract attention and persuade someone to take action. And this idea remains true simply because human nature doesnt really change. Sure, we become increasingly discerning, but to persuade people to do something, you still need to grab their attention, interest them in how your product or service can help them, and then persuade them to take the action you want them to take, such as buying your product or visiting your website. The acronym AIDA is a handy tool for ensuring that your copy, or other writing, grabs attention. The acronym stands for: Attention (or Attract) Interest Desire Action. These are the four steps you need to take your audience through if you want them to buy your product or visit your website, or indeed to take on board the messages in your report. A slightly more sophisticated version of this is AIDCA/AIDEA, which includes an additional step of Conviction/Evidence between Desire and Action. People are so cynical about advertising messages that coherent evidence may be needed if anyone is going to act! How to Use the Tool: Use the AIDA approach when you write a piece of text that has the ultimate objective of getting others to take action. The elements of the acronym are as follows: 1. Attention/Attract In our media-filled world, you need to be quick and direct to grab peoples attention. Use powerful words, or a picture that will catch the readers eye and make them stop and read what you have to say next. With most office workers suffering from e-mail overload, action-seeking e-mails need subject lines that will encourage recipients to open them and read the contents. For example, to encourage people to attend a company training session on giving feedback, the email headline, How effective is YOUR feedback? is more likely to grab attention than the purely factual one of, This weeks seminar on feedback. 2. Interest This is one of the most challenging stages: Youve got the attention of a chunk of your target audience, but can you engage with them enough so that theyll want to spend their precious time understanding your message in more detail? Gaining the readers interest is a deeper process than grabbing their attention. They will give you a little more time to do it, but you must stay focused on their needs. This means helping them to pick out the messages that are relevant to them quickly. So use bullets and subheadings, and break up the text to make your points stand out. For more information on understanding your target audiences interests and expectations, and the context of your message, read our article on the Rhetorical Triangle. 3. Desire The Interest and Desire parts of AIDA go hand-in-hand: As youre building the readers interest, you also need to help them understand how what youre offering can help them in a real way. The main way of doing this is by appealing to their personal needs and wants. So, rather than simply saying Our lunchtime seminar will teach you feedback skills, explain to the audience whats in it for them: Get what you need from other people, and save time and frustration, by learning how to give them good feedback. Feature and Benefits (FAB) A good way of building the readers desire for your offering is to link features and benefits. Hopefully, the significant features of your offering have been designed to give a specific benefit to members of your target market. When it comes to the marketing copy, its important that you dont forget those benefits at this stage. When you describe your offering, dont just give the facts and features, and expect the audience to work out the benefits for themselves: Tell them the benefits clearly to create that interest and desire. Example: This laptop case is made of aluminum, describes a feature, and leaves the audience thinking So what? Persuade the audience by adding the benefits.giving a stylish look, thats kinder to your back and shoulders. You may want to take this further by appealing to peoples deeper drives giving effortless portability and a sleek appearance and that will be the envy of your friends and co-workers. 4. Conviction As hardened consumers, we tend to be skeptical about marketing claims. Its no longer enough simply to say that a book is a bestseller, for example, but readers will take notice if you state (accurately, of course!), that the book has been in the New York Times Bestseller List for 10 weeks, for example. So try to use hard data where its available. When you havent got the hard data, yet the product offering is sufficiently important, consider generating some data, for example, by commissioning a survey. 5. Action Finally, be very clear about what action you want your readers to take; for example, Visit www.mindtools.com now for more information rather than just leaving people to work out what to do for themselves. See more at: file:///C:/Users/GOPAL%20RATHORE/Downloads/AIDA%20%20Attention-Interest-Desire-Action%20-%20Communication%20Skills%20Training%20From%20MindTools.com.htm#sthash.nCxC0EZx.dpuf

Microsurgery: Sewing Blood Vessels and Nerves Back Together :: Health Medicine

Microsurgery: Sewing Blood Vessels and Nerves Back Together A man came into the emergency ward at one o'clock. His thumb came in an hour later. The surgeon's job: get them back together. The successful re-attaching of fingers to hand requires long hours of painstaking work in microsurgery. In the operating room , the surgeon doesn't stand, but sits in a chair that supports her body. Her arm is cradled by a pillow. Scalpels are present as are other standard surgical tools, but the suture threads are almost invisible, the needle thinner than a human hair. And all the surgical activity revolves around the most important instument, the microscope. The surgeon will spend the next few hours looking through the microscope at broken blood vessels and nerves and sewing them back together again. The needles are so thin that they have to be held with needlenosed jeweller's forceps and will sew together nerves that are as wide as the thickness of a penny. To make such a stitch, the surgeon's hands will move no more than the width of the folded side of a piece of paper seen end on! Imagine trying to sew two pieces of spaghetti together and you'll have some idea of what microsurgery involves. Twenty-five years ago, this man's thumb would have been lost. But in the 1960s, surgeon's began using microscopes to sew what previously had been almost invisible blood vessels and nerves in limbs. Their sewing technique had been developed on large blood vessels over a half century earlier but could not be used in microsurgery until the needles and sutures became small enough. The surgical technique, still widely used today, had taken the frustrating unreliability out of sewing slippery, round-ended blood vessels by ingeniously turning them into triangles. To do this, a cut end of a blood vessel was stitched at three equidistant points and pulled slightly apart to give an anchored, triangular shape. This now lent itself to easier, more dependable stitching and paved the way for microsurgery where as many as twenty stitches will have to be made in a blood vessel three millimetres thick. The needle used for this can be just 70 millimetres wide, only ten times the width of a human blood cell. All this technology is focused on getting body parts back together again successfully. The more blood vessels reattached, the better the survival chances for a toe or a finger. The finer the nerve resection, the better the feeling in a damaged part of the face, or control in a previously useless arm. But the wounded and severed body part must be treated